The administration of ronald reagan set policies that marked a significant change in the national energy policy, away from the Carter administration's centralized, governmentally regulated energy plan, which set ambitious goals for market stabilization and energy conservation through government intervention. § 1 et seq.) approved tax credits to promote conservation. § 3301) unified the gas market and promoted the deregulation of the natural gas industry. § 2601) granted Congress authority over the interstate transmission of electric power.
The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (15 U.S.C.A. § 8301 et seq.) encouraged the transition from oil and gas to coal in boilers. The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act (42 U.S.C.A. § 8201 et seq.) set standards and provided financing for conservation in buildings. The National Energy Conservation Policy Act (42 U.S.C.A. The goal of a comprehensive national energy program was achieved with the passage of the National Energy Act of 1978, which consisted of five distinct pieces of legislation. § 7101), which was the framework for the coordination, administration, and execution of a comprehensive national energy program. In 1977, Jimmy Carter's administration created the department of energy (42 U.S.C.A. § 6234) and the promulgation of minimum efficiency regulations for automobiles. Ford's administration saw the passage of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (42 U.S.C.A. 32, 399) and appointed an "energy czar" to oversee oil supplies. Nixon created the Federal Energy Office (Exec. Only approximately 10 percent of the United States' oil imports were affected, but the perception of a major oil shortage motivated the next three presidential administrations to exert a strong federal influence over energy. On October 17, 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced an embargo of oil exports to all countries, including the United States, that were supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War. The dominant model of energy policy that emerged from this period and existed unchanged until the 1970s was one of support for conventional resources and regulation of industries whose natural monopolies required some government oversight to ensure that their public purpose served a public interest.
Oil, coal, and natural gas found their greatest structural impediment in the "bottleneck" of distribution-pipelines for oil and natural gas, and railways for coal. Aside from antitrust enforcement, the federal government was content to let the market control the energy industry. In 1900, Standard Oil Company controlled 90 percent of the oil market within a few years, antitrust litigation had reduced its market share to 64 percent. The transition from using wood as a primary source of energy to using coal was almost complete, and a second transition from coal to natural gas and oil was beginning. The regulation of energy in the late 1800s was on a local and regional level, and was primarily market driven. This legal recognition of natural monopolies provides the basis for much of the legal and regulatory control the government exercises over utility companies. Munn concerned grain elevators but stood more generally for the principle that the public must be allowed to control private property committed to a use in which the public has an interest. 77, held that "natural monopolies" could be regulated by the government. It focuses on the production, distribution, conservation, and development of energy resources like coal, oil, natural gas, Nuclear Power, and hydroelectric power. Energy law became recognized as a specialty following the energy crises of the 1970s. Laws and regulations concerning the production and distribution of energy have existed for over one hundred years in the United States.
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